TRANSGRESIÓN SOCIOLINGÃœÃSTICA Y PATRONES TRADICIONALES DE SEXISMO EN UNA COMUNIDAD DE HABLA VERNÁCULA
Abstract
Los estudios variacionistas realizados en el mundo occidental industrializado han permitido desarrollar modelos de comportamiento sociolingüístico de los hablantes en el seno de las comunidades de habla a modo de universales sociolingüísticos predictivos atendiendo a parámetros socio-demográficos y/o biológicos: clase social, edad, género, etnia-raza, redes sociales, etc. En el caso del factor género, concretamente, se ha comprobado que la mujer tiende a ser más usuaria de rasgos procedentes del estándar que el hombre (véase Trudgill 1972). Sin embargo, una expresidenta del Gobierno de Murcia durante mediados de la década de 1990 ofreció unos patrones inesperados de comportamiento sociolingüístico no estándar (no castellano estándar sino murciano). Su producción lingüística transgresora (no-estándar) fue estudiada cuantitativa y cualitativamente por Hernández-Campoy y Cutillas-Espinosa (2010, 2013) y Cutillas-Espinosa, Hernández-Campoy y Schilling-Estes (2010), diagnosticando un fenómeno de Diseño de Hablante (véanse Coupland 2001, 2007; o Bell 2014). De manera complementaria, si estos autores se centraron mayormente en la psicología social de este hablante, el objetivo del presente trabajo es centrarnos en la propia de la comunidad local, la recepción de, así como reacción ante, su producción verbal transgresora. De este modo, en un contexto de habla murciana estigmatizada y con prestigio encubierto (véase Jiménez-Cano 2001), exploramos las actitudes sociolingüísticas y juicios de valor de la comunidad local murciana hacia el acento de su Presidenta. Su comportamiento sociolingüístico dialectal causó gran controversia y debate, al romper con las expectativas, no sólo de profesión y clase social, sino también de género: mientras que el habla de la clase obrera (no estándar) parece tener connotaciones de masculinidad debido a su asociación con la rudeza y dureza del mundo y la cultura vernácula estereotipada, considerándose a menudo como atributos masculinos deseables, no se aceptan, por el contrario, como características femeninas deseables, prefiriéndose de manera más convencional el refinamiento y la sofisticación (véase Coupland y Jaworski 2009). El sexismo aún presente en una comunidad de habla local en la década de 1990 y las connotaciones de masculinidad asociadas con el habla de la clase obrera contribuyeron a generar un ambiente hostil en contra de una ciudadana de habla no estándar que ocupaba el cargo de Presidenta del Gobierno Regional.
Palabras clave: Sociolingüística, Lenguaje y género, variación estilística, patrones sociolingüísticos, prestigio encubierto, actitudes del lenguaje, habla no estándar, vernacularidad.
SOCIOLINGUISTIC TRANSGRESSION AND TRADITIONAL PATTERNS OF SEXISM IN A VERNACULAR-SPEAKING COMMUNITY
Abstract. Variationist studies carried out in the industrialized Western world have made it possible to develop models of sociolinguistic behaviour of speakers within the speaking communities in the form of predictive sociolinguistic universals, taking into account socio-demographic and/or biological parameters: social class, age, gender, ethnicity-race, social networks, etc. In the case of gender, in particular, it has been found that women tend to be more likely to use standard traits than men (see Trudgill 1972). However, an ex-president of the Government of Murcia during the mid-1990s offered some unexpected patterns of non-standard sociolinguistic behaviour (not standard Castilian but Murcian). Her transgressive (non-standard) linguistic production was studied quantitatively and qualitatively by Hernández-Campoy and Cutillas-Espinosa (2010, 2013) and Cutillas-Espinosa, Hernández-Campoy and Schilling-Estes (2010), diagnosing a phenomenon of Speaker Design (see Coupland 2001, 2007; or Bell 2014). Furthermore, if these authors focused mostly on the social psychology of this speaker, the aim of this paper is to focus on the local community's psychology, the reception of, as well as the reaction to the President's transgressive verbal production. In this way, in a context of stigmatised Murcian-speaking stigma and hidden prestige (see Jiménez-Cano 2001), we explore the sociolinguistic attitudes and value judgements of the local Murcian community towards the accent of its President. Her dialectal sociolinguistic behavior caused great controversy and debate, breaking with expectations, not only of profession and social class, but also of gender: while working class (non-standard) speech seems to have connotations of masculinity because of its association with the harshness of the world and stereotyped vernacular culture, often regarded as desirable male attributes, these latter characteristics are not accepted as desirable female attributes, with refinement and sophistication being more conventionally preferred (see Coupland and Jaworski 2009). The sexism still present in a local speaking community in the 1990s and the connotations of masculinity associated with working class speech contributed to a hostile environment against a non-standard speaking citizen who held the office of President of the Regional Government.
Key words: Sociolinguistics, Language and gender, stylistic variation, sociolinguistic patterns, hidden prestige, language attitudes, non-standard speech, vernacularity.
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